The Crucial Role of Lead Aprons in Radiation Protection

Lead aprons are indispensable for safeguarding healthcare professionals and patients from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. These protective garments, positioned between the radiation source and the body, act as a barrier, absorbing and deflecting harmful rays. Traditionally crafted from lead, they have evolved to incorporate lead-free alternatives addressing concerns about toxicity.

Lead aprons are categorized into two primary types: lead and lead-free

Lead aprons offer superior radiation protection due to lead's dense atomic structure. However, the potential health risks associated with lead exposure have prompted the development of lead-free alternatives. While often heavier and less flexible than their lead counterparts, lead-free aprons provide equivalent radiation protection without the dangers of lead toxicity.

The weight of a lead apron can significantly impact comfort and efficiency, particularly during prolonged procedures. Lightweight lead-free aprons have gained popularity as they reduce physical strain while maintaining optimal protection. These aprons are designed to be comfortable and flexible, allowing healthcare workers to move freely without compromising safety.

Comprehensive radiation protection extends beyond the torso. Thyroid collars and lead glasses are essential accessories that shield the thyroid and eyes from radiation exposure. These components, in conjunction with lead aprons, create a robust defense against harmful rays.

Several manufacturers specialize in producing high-quality lead aprons. Among the industry leaders are:

Steris (United States)

Renowned for its innovative medical equipment and supplies, Steris offers a range of lead aprons to meet diverse healthcare needs.

Cardinal Health (United States)

As a leading distributor of medical products and services, Cardinal Health provides a comprehensive selection of lead aprons.

 Lead Shield Corporation (United States)

 Specializing in radiation protection equipment, Lead Shield Corporation offers a wide array of high-quality lead aprons.

 Safer Healthcare Group (United Kingdom)

 Committed to healthcare safety, Safer Healthcare Group provides a comprehensive range of radiation protection products, including lead aprons.

Infab Corporation (United States)

A pioneer in lightweight and comfortable radiation protection, Infab Corporation offers innovative lead apron solutions.

Regular inspection of lead aprons is crucial to ensure their continued effectiveness. Cracks, tears, or delamination can compromise radiation protection, necessitating immediate replacement. Healthcare facilities should establish a routine inspection and maintenance program to identify and address any issues promptly.

Beyond physical inspection, lead aprons should undergo periodic quality assurance testing to verify their radiation attenuation properties. These tests help ensure that aprons meet or exceed regulatory standards and provide adequate protection for healthcare workers.

In conclusion, lead aprons are vital components of radiation safety protocols. By understanding the different types of aprons, prioritizing comfort and protection, and adhering to rigorous inspection and maintenance procedures, healthcare facilities can create a safer environment for both staff and patients. Investing in high-quality lead aprons is an essential step in mitigating the risks associated with radiation exposure.

The Manual Keratometer: A Cornerstone in Ophthalmology

 The manual keratometer, a time-honored instrument in ophthalmology, measures the curvature of the cornea, the eye's transparent front surface. This measurement, crucial for diagnosing and managing various ocular conditions, underpins corrective lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgeries.

Importance in Clinical Practice

The keratometer is indispensable in ophthalmic clinics for several reasons:

Refractive Error Correction

Accurate corneal curvature measurements are essential for prescribing corrective lenses (glasses and contact lenses) with optimal visual acuity.

Contact Lens Fitting

 Keratometry helps determine the appropriate base curve and diameter of contact lenses, ensuring comfort and optimal vision.

Corneal Disease Diagnosis 

Irregular corneal curvature can indicate conditions like astigmatism, keratoconus, or other corneal diseases.

Pre-operative Assessment

 Keratometry is vital for planning refractive surgeries, such as LASIK and PRK, by providing essential data about the corneal shape.

Post-operative Evaluation

 Monitoring corneal changes after surgery is crucial, and keratometry helps track healing and potential complications.

Top 10 Manual Keratometer Manufacturers

While the field has seen advancements in automated keratometry, manual devices remain a reliable option. Some of the renowned manufacturers of manual keratometers include:

 * Topcon

 * Zeiss

 * Nidek

 * Rodenstock

 * Shoftan

 * Takagi

 * Reichert

 * Huvitz

 * Marco

 * Muto

Unlike their automated counterparts, manual keratometers have remained relatively unchanged in their design for decades. The core principle and mechanics have stayed consistent.

However, while there might not be drastic model variations, some manufacturers do offer different configurations or accessory options for their manual keratometers. These could include:

 Improved illumination systems

LED or halogen lights for better visibility.

Ergonomic designs

For enhanced comfort and ease of use.

Additional measurement scales 

For more precise readings.

Integrated accessories

Such as a chin rest or forehead support.

Common Breakdowns and Maintenance

Manual keratometers, despite their robustness, are subject to wear and tear. Common issues include:

Mirror damage

The mirrors used for reflection can become scratched or damaged, affecting image quality.

Target alignment problems

 The target system, responsible for focusing on the cornea, can become misaligned, leading to inaccurate readings.

 Calibration errors 

Over time, the instrument's calibration may drift, requiring recalibration.

 Mechanical issues

 Components like the focusing mechanism or rotation knobs can experience mechanical failures.

Regular cleaning, calibration, and proper handling are essential for maintaining the accuracy and longevity of a manual keratometer.

Emerging Technologies and Future Outlook

While manual keratometers remain valuable, automated keratometers (or corneal topographers) have gained popularity due to their speed, accuracy, and ability to provide comprehensive corneal maps. These devices offer advanced features like placido disk technology, elevation maps, and integration with other diagnostic equipment.

However, manual keratometers are not obsolete. They are still preferred in certain settings due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and portability. Additionally, understanding the principles of manual keratometry remains essential for ophthalmologists and optometrists.

The future of keratometry lies in the integration of manual and automated technologies. Advancements in artificial intelligence and image analysis may further enhance the capabilities of keratometers, leading to more accurate and informative measurements.

Ultimately, the choice between manual and automated keratometry depends on the specific needs of the clinic and the practitioner's preference. Both technologies have their place in modern ophthalmic practice.

The Critical Importance of Radiation Lead Shielding in Cath Labs and ORs

The widespread utilization of X-ray technology in medical procedures has undeniably advanced patient care. However, it concurrently exposes healthcare professionals to ionizing radiation, a known health hazard. Cath labs and operating rooms (ORs), in particular, present high-risk environments due to the frequent and prolonged use of X-rays. To mitigate the associated risks, radiation lead shielding emerges as an indispensable component of occupational safety.

Chronic exposure to ionizing radiation can result in severe health consequences, including but not limited to cancer, cataracts, and other radiation-induced pathologies. The cumulative nature of radiation exposure underscores the significance of safeguarding healthcare workers in these environments.

Radiation lead shielding serves as a protective barrier, absorbing and deflecting X-rays to minimize personnel exposure. Commonly employed forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) include lead aprons, thyroid collars, and lead glasses. These garments, constructed from lead-lined materials, effectively attenuate radiation, reducing the absorbed dose. Beyond personal shielding, additional measures such as lead-lined walls, mobile shields, and under-table lead curtains contribute to a safer environment.

The efficacy of radiation lead shielding hinges on several factors, including lead thickness, shielding quality, and proper fit. It is imperative to select high-quality products from reputable manufacturers and adhere to rigorous maintenance and replacement schedules. Regular inspections and fit checks are essential to verify ongoing effectiveness. Moreover, comprehensive radiation safety protocols, encompassing staff training and exposure minimization, should be strictly enforced.

Selecting a suitable lead apron manufacturer is crucial for optimal protection. Several companies have established a strong reputation in the industry for producing high-quality radiation shielding products. Notable manufacturers include:

 * Cumberland Medical

 * Safer Healthcare

 * Lead Apron

 * Armor Shield

 * Universal Medical

 * Leadwear

 * Advantus Medical

 * ProLead

 * SureShield

 * Leadtek Medical

While this list provides a starting point, it is advisable to conduct thorough research and compare various options to identify the most suitable products for specific needs.

By prioritizing the acquisition of high-quality radiation lead shielding and implementing robust safety protocols, healthcare facilities can substantially reduce the risk of radiation exposure for staff working in cath labs and ORs. Protecting the health and well-being of healthcare professionals is paramount to ensuring the delivery of optimal patient care.

Note: Consider adding specific data or statistics related to radiation exposure and the effectiveness of lead shielding to further enhance the article's credibility and impact.

Understanding Applanation Tonometry

 Applanation tonometry is a method used by eye doctors to measure the pressure inside your eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). This pressure is important because it helps maintain the eye's shape and function. However, too much pressure can damage the optic nerve, leading to a condition called glaucoma.

To measure IOP, the doctor uses a special tool called an applanation tonometer. This tool is attached to a slit lamp, a device that provides a magnified view of the eye. A small amount of a dye called fluorescein is placed in the eye to help the doctor see the surface clearly.

The tonometer is gently placed on the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. It flattens a small area of the cornea, and the amount of force needed to do this is measured. This measurement is then converted into a pressure reading, which is the IOP.

The whole process is quick and painless. It's a routine part of eye exams and helps your doctor monitor your eye health. If your IOP is too high, it may indicate a risk of glaucoma, and your doctor will recommend further tests and treatment.

Remember, early detection and treatment of glaucoma are crucial for preserving your vision. Regular eye exams, including applanation tonometry, are essential for maintaining good eye health.

Would you like to know more about glaucoma or other eye conditions? Please write in the comments.

Top 10 Highest Paying Biomedical Engineer Career Paths

The biomedical engineering field offers a plethora of high-paying opportunities. Here are ten of the most lucrative career paths:

1. Biomedical Engineer in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Develops medical devices and equipment for drug delivery and research.

Involves extensive research and development.

High demand due to constant innovation in the pharmaceutical sector.

2. Clinical Engineer

Manages and maintains medical equipment in hospitals and clinics.

Ensures equipment safety and efficiency.

Requires a deep understanding of medical technology.

3. Biomedical Equipment Technician

Repairs and calibrates medical equipment.

Essential for maintaining hospital operations.

Provides technical support to healthcare professionals.

4. Biomaterials Scientist

Develops new materials for medical implants and devices.

Requires knowledge of chemistry, biology, and engineering.

Plays a crucial role in advancing medical technology.

5. Biomedical Research Scientist

Conducts research to develop new medical treatments and technologies.

Collaborates with scientists and medical professionals.

High potential for career advancement in academia or industry.

6. Regulatory Affairs Specialist

Ensures compliance with government regulations for medical devices.

Requires knowledge of FDA and other regulatory bodies.

Crucial role in bringing new medical products to market.

7. Biomedical Sales Engineer

Sells medical equipment and devices to hospitals and clinics.

Requires strong technical knowledge and sales skills.

Offers opportunities for high earning potential.

8. Bioinformatics Scientist

Applies computer science to analyze biological data.

Plays a crucial role in drug discovery and development.

High demand due to the increasing amount of biological data.

9. Healthcare Consultant

Provides expert advice on medical technology and healthcare systems.

Requires strong business acumen and technical knowledge.

High earning potential in consulting firms.

10. Biomedical Engineering Professor

Teaches biomedical engineering courses at universities.

Conducts research and publishes papers.

Offers opportunities for academic advancement and research funding.

Note: Salaries can vary significantly based on factors such as experience, location, company size, and specific role responsibilities.

Understanding Dialysis: A Guide to Living with Kidney Failure

What is Dialysis?

Dialysis is a treatment that replaces the work of your kidneys. When your kidneys fail, they can no longer remove waste and extra fluid from your blood. Dialysis does this job artificially. There are two main types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

How Does Dialysis Work?

Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis. It involves a machine that filters your blood. During hemodialysis, your blood is pumped through a dialyzer, which acts as an artificial kidney. Waste products and extra fluid are removed from your blood, and then the cleaned blood is returned to your body.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your abdomen (your peritoneum) as a filter. A special solution is filled into your abdomen through a catheter. This solution absorbs waste products and extra fluid from your blood. After a period of time, the solution is drained and replaced with fresh solution.

The Dialysis Process

Dialysis is typically performed several times a week. Each session can last several hours. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Living with Dialysis

Living with dialysis can be challenging, but with proper support and management, it is possible to maintain a good quality of life. Regular dialysis treatments are essential for managing your condition. Additionally, a healthy diet, regular exercise, and adequate rest are crucial.

The Emotional and Psychological Impact of Dialysis

Dialysis can have a significant emotional and psychological impact. It can be a stressful and time-consuming process, and it can affect your relationships, work, and social life.It is important to seek support from friends, family, and mental health professionals to cope with the emotional challenges of dialysis.

Conclusion

Dialysis is a lifesaving treatment for people with kidney failure. While it can be challenging, it can significantly improve quality of life. By understanding the dialysis process and taking care of your overall health, you can effectively manage your condition.

Understanding Feeding Pumps: Essential Tools in Biomedical Engineering

Feeding pumps are crucial medical devices used to deliver nutrients directly into a patient's gastrointestinal tract. They are indispensable in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and even home healthcare settings. This article explores the intricacies of feeding pumps, their working mechanisms, and their vital role in patient care.

Introduction to Feeding Pumps

Feeding pumps, also known as enteral feeding pumps, are used for patients who cannot consume food orally. These patients may have conditions such as severe swallowing disorders, neurological impairments, or gastrointestinal diseases that prevent adequate oral intake. By delivering a controlled amount of nutrition, feeding pumps ensure that patients receive the necessary nutrients for recovery and maintenance of health.

Components of a Feeding Pump

A typical feeding pump system consists of the following components:

1. Pump Mechanism

The core of the device that controls the flow rate and volume of the nutrition being delivered.

2. Feeding Bag

A container that holds the liquid nutrition formula.

3. Feeding Tube

 A flexible tube that transports the nutrition from the bag to the patient's digestive system. This tube can be inserted through the nose (nasogastric tube), directly into the stomach (gastrostomy tube), or into the small intestine (jejunostomy tube).

4. Power Source

 Most pumps operate on batteries, allowing for mobility, while some also have the option to be plugged into an electrical outlet.

5. User Interface

 A digital or analog control panel that allows healthcare providers to set and adjust the feeding parameters such as rate, volume, and duration.

How a Feeding Pump Works

The working mechanism of a feeding pump can be broken down into several key steps:

1. Preparation

The feeding bag is filled with the prescribed enteral nutrition formula. This formula can vary based on the patient's specific dietary needs and medical condition.

2. Setup

The feeding bag is connected to the pump mechanism, and the feeding tube is primed to remove any air bubbles, ensuring a smooth flow of nutrition.

3. Programming the Pump

Using the user interface, healthcare providers set the feeding parameters. These include:

   - Flow Rate

The speed at which the nutrition is delivered, typically measured in milliliters per hour (mL/h).

   - Total Volume

The total amount of nutrition to be delivered over a specified period.

   - Feeding Schedule

 The duration and timing of feeding sessions, which can be continuous or intermittent.

4. Delivery

 Once the pump is programmed, it begins to deliver the nutrition through the feeding tube. The pump's mechanism, usually a peristaltic or rotary peristaltic pump, ensures a consistent and controlled flow.

5. Monitoring and Adjustments

 Healthcare providers regularly monitor the patient and the pump to ensure the feeding is proceeding correctly. Adjustments can be made as needed to the flow rate, volume, or schedule.

6. Completion and Maintenance

 After the feeding session, the pump and feeding tube are flushed with water to prevent clogging and maintain hygiene. Regular maintenance and cleaning of the pump are essential to ensure its proper functioning and longevity.

Types of Feeding Pumps

There are several types of feeding pumps available, each suited to different clinical needs:

1. Volumetric Pumps

These pumps deliver a precise volume of nutrition over a set period. They are highly accurate and commonly used in hospital settings.

2. Peristaltic Pumps

 These use a series of rollers to compress the feeding tube, creating a consistent flow of nutrition. They are ideal for continuous feeding over extended periods.

3. Syringe Pumps

 Used for intermittent feeding, these pumps push nutrition through a syringe at a controlled rate. They are often used for patients requiring small, frequent doses of nutrition.

4. Portable Pumps

Designed for mobility, these pumps are lightweight and battery-operated, allowing patients to maintain their feeding schedules while moving around.

Benefits of Using Feeding Pumps

Feeding pumps offer numerous benefits for patients and healthcare providers:

1. Precision

They deliver nutrition at a controlled rate, ensuring accurate and consistent nutrient intake.

2. Safety

 The controlled delivery reduces the risk of complications such as aspiration, which can occur if nutrition is delivered too quickly.

3. Convenience

 Automated feeding reduces the workload for healthcare providers and caregivers, allowing for better management of multiple patients.

4. Mobility

Portable feeding pumps enable patients to maintain their feeding regimens while leading more active lives.

Challenges and Considerations

While feeding pumps are invaluable, they do come with challenges that need careful consideration:

1. Training

Proper training is essential for healthcare providers and caregivers to operate the pump correctly and respond to any issues that arise. Knowing how to handle alarms and common error messages could be essential for more efficient use of the feeding pump.

2. Maintenance

Regular cleaning and maintenance are critical to prevent malfunctions and ensure the longevity of the pump. In many cases feeding pumps fail due to shortcuts applied in cleaning or routine maintenance procedures.

3. Patient Comfort 

Ensuring that the feeding tube is correctly placed and maintained is vital to avoid discomfort and potential complications.

4. Cost

 Feeding pumps can be expensive, and the cost of supplies and maintenance can add up over time. Cost can be one of the most challenging factors in decision making as all feeding pumps look the same. But over time long term incurred costs might vary significantly from a pump model to another.

Innovations in Feeding Pump Technology

The field of biomedical engineering is continually evolving, and feeding pump technology is no exception. Recent advancements include:

1. Smart Pumps

These pumps feature advanced sensors and connectivity options, allowing for remote monitoring and adjustments. They can alert healthcare providers to issues such as occlusions or low battery levels.

2. User-Friendly Interfaces

Modern pumps are equipped with intuitive touchscreens and simplified controls, making them easier to use. Nurses always prefer a user friendly interface. This reduces training time and ensures best practices to be applied.

3. Enhanced Portability 

Advances in battery technology and miniaturization have led to more compact and lightweight pumps, enhancing patient mobility.

Top 10 Feeding Pump Manufacturers in the World

1. Medtronic

   - Model: Kangaroo™ ePump Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

2. Cardinal Health

   - Model: Kangaroo™ Connect Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

3. Baxter International

   - Model: Enteroport® plus Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

4. Fresenius Kabi

   - Model: Freka® Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

5. Abbott Laboratories

   - Model: Abbott FreeGo® Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

6. Nestlé Health Science

   - Model: Compat® Ella® Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

7. Moog Medical

   - Model: Infinity® Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

8. Applied Medical Technology (AMT)

   - Model: Mini ONE® Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

9. Kangaroo™ (Cardinal Health)

   - Model: Kangaroo™ Joey Enteral Feeding Pump

   - Approval: FDA approved, CE marked

10. Avanos Medical

    - Model: Corflo® Enteral Feeding Pump

    - Approval : FDA approved, CE marked

Preventive Maintenance Procedures for Feeding Pumps

To ensure the longevity and proper functioning of feeding pumps, regular preventive maintenance is crucial. Here are detailed preventive maintenance procedures for biomedical engineers:

1. Routine Inspections

   - Check the pump for any physical damage or wear.

   - Inspect all connections and tubing for leaks or blockages.

   - Verify that the power supply (battery or plug) is functioning correctly.

2. Cleaning and Disinfection

   - Clean the exterior of the pump with a mild disinfectant.

   - Flush the feeding tube and pump mechanism with water after each use to prevent clogging.

   - Sterilize the feeding bag and any reusable components regularly.

3. Calibration and Testing

   - Perform regular calibration of the pump to ensure accurate flow rates.

   - Test the alarm systems to ensure they are functioning properly.

   - Check the user interface and buttons for responsiveness and accuracy.

4. Battery Maintenance

   - Inspect the battery for signs of wear or damage.

   - Ensure the battery is fully charged and holds a charge for the expected duration.

   - Replace batteries as per the manufacturer’s recommendations.

5. Software Updates

   - Regularly update the pump’s software to the latest version provided by the manufacturer.

   - Ensure all firmware updates are correctly installed and functioning.

6. Documentation

   - Keep detailed records of all maintenance activities, including date, performed tasks, and any issues found.

   - Maintain a log of usage hours and service intervals as recommended by the manufacturer.

Common Problems and Fixes

Biomedical engineers often encounter common issues with feeding pumps. 

Pro Tip: Try to train one or more of the nursing staff on most common issues. This might help reduce time allocated to resolve feeding pumps issues and requires less visits from biomedical engineering department to resolve such simple issues so the feeding pump faces reduced down time.

Here are ways to detect and fix these problems:

1. Pump Not Powering On

   - Detection: Check the power source, battery level, and connections.

   - Fix: Ensure the pump is properly connected to the power supply. Replace or recharge the battery if needed.

2. Inaccurate Flow Rate

   - Detection: Monitor the delivered volume against the set volume.

   - Fix: Recalibrate the pump and check for any blockages in the tubing.

3. Alarm Malfunctions

   - Detection: Test the alarm system regularly.

   - Fix: Check the alarm settings and sensor connections. Replace faulty sensors if necessary.

4. Occlusions or Blockages

   - Detection: Inspect the tubing and feeding bag for kinks or obstructions.

   - Fix: Flush the tubing with warm water. Replace tubing or feeding bag if occlusions persist.

5. Leakage

   - Detection: Visually inspect all connections and components for signs of fluid leakage.

   - Fix: Tighten or replace any loose or damaged connections. Replace any faulty components.

6. User Interface Issues

   - Detection: Test all buttons and touchscreen functions.

   - Fix: Reboot the pump and check for software updates. Replace the interface if it remains unresponsive.

7. Battery Issues

   - Detection: Check the battery charge cycle and duration.

   - Fix: Replace old or faulty batteries. Ensure proper charging practices are followed.

8. Error Codes

   - Detection: Refer to the user manual for specific error codes displayed by the pump.

   - Fix: Follow troubleshooting steps provided in the manual or contact the manufacturer for assistance.

9. Flow Interruptions

   - Detection: Monitor the feeding process for unexpected stops or irregular flow.

   - Fix: Check for air bubbles in the feeding bag and tubing. Re-prime the system if necessary.

10. Mechanical Failures

    - Detection: Listen for unusual noises or vibrations from the pump.

    - Fix: Inspect internal components for wear or damage. Replace any faulty parts.

Conclusion

Feeding pumps are a testament to the intersection of engineering and healthcare, providing life-saving nutrition to patients who cannot eat orally. Understanding their components, working mechanisms, and the benefits they offer is crucial for healthcare providers and biomedical engineers alike. Regular preventive maintenance and troubleshooting are essential to ensure these devices operate efficiently and safely. As technology continues to advance, feeding pumps will become even more efficient, user-friendly, and accessible, further improving patient care and outcomes.

References

1. Medtronic. (2023). Kangaroo™ ePump Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Medtronic Official Site](https://www.medtronic.com)

2. Cardinal Health. (2023). Kangaroo™ Connect Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Cardinal Health Official Site](https://www.cardinalhealth.com)

3. Baxter International. (2023). Enteroport® plus Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Baxter Official Site](https://www.baxter.com)

4. Fresenius Kabi. (2023). Freka® Pump. Retrieved from [Fresenius Kabi Official Site](https://www.fresenius-kabi.com)

5. Abbott Laboratories. (2023). Abbott FreeGo® Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Abbott Official Site](https://www.abbott.com)

6. Nestlé Health Science. (2023). Compat® Ella® Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Nestlé Health Science Official Site](https://www.nestlehealthscience.com)

7. Moog Medical. (2023). Infinity® Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Moog Medical Official Site](https://www.moog.com)

8. Applied Medical Technology (AMT). (2023). Mini ONE® Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [AMT Official Site](https://www.appliedmedical.net)

9. Kangaroo™ (Cardinal Health). (2023). Kangaroo™ Joey Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Cardinal Health Official Site](https://www.cardinalhealth.com)

10. Avanos Medical. (2023). Corflo® Enteral Feeding Pump. Retrieved from [Avanos Medical Official Site](https://www.avanos.com)

These references provide additional details on the various feeding pump models, their features, and maintenance guidelines. Biomedical engineers can use these resources for further information and support in managing feeding pumps effectively.

All You Need About Dialysis Machine Preventive Maintenance

How Kidney Failure Occurs? 

There are many reasons for a kidney to stop functioning. Once the kidneys are unable to filter wastes and fluids a fast action needs to take place, as body wastes can quickly accumulate to dangerous levels. There are many reasons for kidney failure the most common are blockages in the urethra, direct damage to the kidney, or due to slow blood flow to the kidney. 

Patients with kidney failure need to alter their diets dramatically, as foods rich in phosphorous are totally prohibited to them as it will accumulate in their bloodstream and then affect their bones as it binds to calcium in the bones. There has been a growing market for foods that are custom made for people on dialysis as it improves their quality of life by keeping renal failure patients away from harmful nutrients to them.  

Why the Dialysis machine is needed?

A dialysis machine is a vital machine that is used for patients with renal failure. Patients with total kidney failure mostly considered end-stage patients or even partial kidney failure might need to apply for several dialysis sessions. Typically 3 sessions per week are needed for renal failure patients to dispose of extra water and other wastes.

Dialysis Patients

Usually, end-stage kidney patients are eligible to get a kidney transplant. However, the numbers of patients that are in need of a kidney transplant are far more than the donors available thus leading to a prolonged need to have dialysis sessions. A patient with end-stage kidney failure is deemed to have 3 dialysis sessions per week for the rest of his life.

In 2017 there were 500,000 people who needed dialysis and more than 200,000 who were living with a kidney transplant, wherein 2019 alone there are 100,000 Americans were waiting for a kidney transplant (1).  

Dialysis in Children

There are many factors that can lead to kidney failure in children when the kidney is not functioning properly then the child will need to have his blood filtered. Usually, the same techniques are used for blood filtration in children. 

Although more care and caution needs to be taken as children are not cooperative to treatment like adults. Many facilities do not provide care for children dialysis as they are not equipped with the needed care for children. 

Searching for hospitals and centers that can treat children in need of dialysis is an important step to have the child accepted to be treated with dialysis. 

Dialysis Machine

Once a patient reaches end-stage dialysis, he will need to have a dialysis machine. Where the dialysis machine takes blood and is filtered through the dialyzer filter and then is returned back to the patient's body. A patient usually needs 2-3 sessions per week and one session will last for around 4 hours.

Can Dialysis Machines replace ALL Kidney Functions? 

Unfortunately, a dialysis machine cannot replace all kidney functions, and will only work on filtering wastes and excessive water. There are various other functions that are currently irreplaceable by having dialysis and this why the lifespan of renal patients is usually lower than usual.  

How a Dialysis Machine Works? 

Diagram Showing Main parts of the Dialysis Machine 

One of the primary jobs of the kidney is to filter wastes or toxins and remove excess water from the blood. So mainly a dialysis machine will try to do just that by having blood taken outside the body and filtered through a filter then returned back to the body. 

Blood passes through a filter or rather a porous membrane that is called the dialyzer or more easily the "Artificial Kidney" where there is a dialysate solution that will help remove unwanted wastes from the blood. There are many alarms and sensors that monitor various things while the dialysis machine is working. Most of the time new dialysis patients will be afraid of the alarms that are beeping. But these alarms are there for their safety as they indicate various things to the operators. 

How ABBOTT'S Five Minute COVID-19 Test Device Works?

We have seen it all over the news! President Trump has showcased it in one of his press conferences. And we expect that it will be a game-changer in the fight over COVID-19 pandemic. As one of the best strategies to fight COVID-19 is massive testing of the public. A lesson we learned from various countries like South Korea, Germany, and Singapore.

Abbott ID NOW Testing Device

Why it is important?

With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a great need for testing millions of people. As testing people will enable health providers to actively act based on the results. With around 80% of COVID-19 patients showing no or mild symptoms. Thus testing plays a major role in having COVID-19 positive patients to be quarantined until they are no longer carriers of the virus.

How ID NOW Works? 

First things first, the device name is ID NOW™  Formerly Alere™. That is a fast molecular testing device produced by Abbot Laboratories. It will give positive results in as little as 5 minutes. however, negative results will need as much as 13 minutes to show up.

The Test Kit has a chemical that rips open the virus allowing the genetic material of the COVID-19 to be read by the ID NOW device. Even f there is a small quantity of the virus ID NOW will replicate the virus's genetic material to be detected. So mainly the ID NOW will read the RNA of the virus, not the antibodies produced by the patient's immune system. So it is similar to PCR tests in this manner.

Now here is the good part, the ID NOW device is not only used to test for COVID-19. Actually, it was produced before the pandemic to test patients for Influenza A & B, Strep A, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) testing.

For those who already have the device already they will need to buy an additional 40$ additional cartridge. This cartridge is specifically designed to test patients for the SARS-COV-2 virus. It also means that the ID NOW device will not become obsolete after the pandemic is over as test centers can make use of it's testing capabilities for Flu, strep, and RSV in addition to COVID-19 testing. Also, this means that the already existing 18,000 devices that are spread around the USA health center, hospitals and clinics.

Before we start with the known compromise between quality and quantity let us go a little deeper into how does the ID NOW works in comparison with conventional testing devices. Conventional devices will replicate the virus's RNA by repeatedly cycling temperature from normal to medium then to high and back down to normal. Where the ID NOW is able to replicate COVID-19 RNA in normal temperature conditions. Thus allowing it to provide the results in a 5-15 minutes span.

Where is it best to use? 

The ID NOW cutting advantage is its small size that is just a few pounds. Allowing the ID NOW to be fitted in small clinics and even in doctors' offices.  That, in turn, will allow healthcare personnel to better deal with patients as they are able to get the results in a few moments.

Since the ID NOW is a lightweight small device it is considered a portable device, where it can be used seemingly anywhere it is needed. For large hospitals with the ability to accommodate large testing machines, Abbott’s m2000 RealTime system got U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use in hospitals and molecular laboratories to diagnose the infection. That system can churn through more tests on a daily basis, up to 1 million a week, but it takes longer to get the results.

5 - 15 Minutes what does that mean?

Well, put simply, if a patient has high COVID-19 concentration in the samples taken from the nose or the back of the throat. Then the device can detect that the patient is COVID-19 positive in 5 minutes. However, if the concentration of the virus is less, then the results can take up to 15 minutes to verify.

Test Accuracy VS Speed

What makes it able to do the test so fast compared to conventional testing equipment?

It is one thing to have a fast testing device, but it is another thing to have accurate results. Usually the faster the test the lower the accuracy is. We will need to know how accurate this device is in comparison to its speed. As at the end of the day, we need reliable data that can have health care providers know coronavirus infected people to be separated from the non-infected ones. 

Are we Sacrificing Quality for the sake of Speed? 

There are no specific numbers stating the accuracy of the ID NOW testing device. Although, we are inclined to observe for the few coming days to get feedback from users of the ID NOW with regards to test accuracy and margins of error. However, we have the below image, provided on the Abbott website, comparing the speed of ID NOW with normal PCR tests. So we feel that it is only fair that the ID NOW is as accurate as normal PCR tests.

 

ID NOW rapid results compared to other tests

Competitors have Faster Devices!

Well, we heard and saw devices that can give test results in as low as 2 minutes. So isn't it more logical to have these devices to be used for testing? 

It is a fact that there are some devices that claim to give faster test results. However, those devices are not looking for COVID-19 RNA, but it looks for antigens that are produced by the immune system of the infected patient. Usually, such tests are not accurate as many early-stage patients may not have antigens in their bodies fighting the virus to be detected by the testing device. Besides, these devices need blood samples to be withdrawn from the patient, meaning a greater chance of cross-contamination. 

Test Accuracy

So far there have been no numbers on the accuracy that are concise enough for us to be able to Juge. "Highly accurate" and more than 90% accurate is not enough. Having false positive or false negatives with a 10% margin of error is not acceptable. But it seems that many tests performed have the same margin of error problem.

That is usually attributed to how early is the patient tested. In other words, a patient that is infected today is likely to test negative if she was tested for the virus. But after a few days, the same patient will test positive. 

Production Quantities 

It is not clear how many of these devices there will be and when are they going to be available. Many reports vary from as little as 5500 devices to as much as 500,000 devices. We will need an official report to be released from Abbot laboratories related to production capacity.

Though Abbott laboratories announce that they will be producing around 5 million tests in April. But these tests are combines for normal testing and fast testing.

What was already announced from Abbot Laboratories' official website is that they are pledging to provide 50,000 tests/day. But without mention of the number of devices. Also according to Abbots's official website:

"This comes on the heels of our announcement last week of the availability of the Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 EUA test under FDA EUA, which runs on m2000 RealTime molecular system for centralized lab environments. Combined with ID NOW, Abbott expects to produce about 5 million tests in April."

Consumables

Each Assay kit contains all necessary components for testing to include: 24 tests, swabs for sample collection, pipettes, positive and negative controls.

Price Tag

There are no clear pricing criteria for the ID NOW testing device. We are looking forward to having some of the devices to be distributed for free to some of the most affected areas, Just like Tesla motors did when producing the Medtronic Ventilators PB980.

Our expectations are that the ID NOW price might range between 10,000-20,000 USD. But we don't have any confirmed price of these small devices.

Technical Specs

• Color Touch Screen 3.5”
• Communications 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Port for Data Transfer
• 3 x USB Ports for data export,
• barcode reader and printer 
• Data storage 999 patient test results 
• 99 QC test results 
• Memory allows search and retrieval Archive or export via USB
• Power Supply 12V DC from external AC/DC 
• supplied plug pack DC Voltage fluctuation: ±10% DC Current consumption: 12V DC, 3.0 Amps
• Dimensions 8.15” W x 5.71” H x 7.64” D 207 mm W x 145 mm H x 194 mm D 
• Weight 3.0 kg (6.7 pounds)
• Operating Environment Indoor Use 15ºC to 30ºC (50ºF to 86ºF) 
• Humidity 10% to 80% RH (non-condensing) 0m (1.01 bar) to 2000m (0.763 bar) IP20
• Storage 15ºC to 30ºC (50ºF to 86ºF) 10% to 80% RH (non-condensing) 0m (1.01 bar) to 2000m (0.763 bar)
• ID NOW Instrument User Manual 1.3.2 
• 12V Power Supply 
• Rated input voltage: 100-240VAC 
• Rated input frequency: 50/60Hz 
• Rated input current: 1.2 Amps 
•  As per instrument Output voltage: 12V Output current: 3.5 Amps

ID NOW Training

It is very useful not only to have the ID NOW device to be available widely across the USA and even across the Globe. Training healthcare personnel on how to use the ID NOW plays a crucial part in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Thanks to Abbott they have provided video material of various aspects to dealing with device usage. Divided into eight training modules. Where each module explains a specific part of using the ID NOW. We have the videos, most of them are from 3-10 minutes and have valuable information on best user practices. The longest of all modules is the first one as it is almost 15 minutes long and teaches the user how to unpack and prepare the ID NOW.  

The first 4 modules are the most important ones in addition to the 8th module. As they contain the core material needed to effectively operate and use the ID NOW testing device.  

  

Related Articles: 

Medtronic Opensource PB560 Files Download in response to COVID-19

Medtronic Tesla Partnership Producing Ventilators 

Medtronic Europe Releases Videos about Puritan Bennett 980 Ventilator Series 

Medtronic Opensource PB560 Files Download

We have been following Medtronic activities very closely. First, they published a series of training videos for the PB980 From the moment their CEO, Omar Ishrak announced the partnering with Tesla. Then announcing that they will be open-sourcing PB560.

At first, the published material for the PB560 did not include the software programming of the ventilator. To us, that was a red flag, as the hardware alone is not important. Finally, now Medtronic published the software as programming as well!

Puritan Bennett 560 Ventilator

We can't thank Medtronic enough for their active contributions in saving many lives in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The good thing about the PB560 is that it is a simple ventilator that is lightweight and portable. In addition, the PB560 manufacturing price is expected to be considerably low.

Since it is lightweight and has a simple design we expect that many manufacturers will be able to produce the PB560. In addition, we are also expecting that the PB560 manufacturing process can be fast. Thus enabling manufacturers to produce the PB560 in high volumes.